[00:00] Intro/Outro
Welcome to the Arkansas Food, Farms and Forests Podcast, the podcast bringing you the latest on food, fiber and forestry research from the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. The research arm of the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture.
[00:18] Jenifer
Welcome to food, Farms and forests. I'm your host, Jenifer Fouch. Today we are learning about research that shows pesticides advance sustainable agriculture. The goal of this research was to assess the environmental footprint of pesticide use. To talk to us about this research is Marty Matlock. Doctor Marty is a professor in the biological and agricultural engineering department.
[00:41] Marty
Thank you, Jenifer. It's an honor to be here.
[00:44] Jenifer
So, the study is titled Life Cycle Assessment of Impacts of Eliminating Chemical Pesticides used in the production of U.S. corn, soybeans, and cotton. Is this the first study of its kind?
[00:58] Marty
It's the first study to analyze the sustainability impacts of these important, crop management systems.
[01:06] Jenifer
And what were your key findings from this study?
[01:10] Marty
The key findings are pretty self-evident for anyone who's been engaged in production of any crop from the land, that is, the chemicals that are used to reduce pest impacts, have the consequence of protecting or even, enhancing yield, allowing crops to achieve closer to their maximum potential yields, reducing those insect disease and weed losses has the effect of improving the environmental impacts associated with those crops that are produced.
[01:44] Jenifer
So, they enhance productivity?
[01:47] Marty
They enhance productivity. Again, it's a certain extent this is self-evident. This is why agricultural producers pay the money to buy these products, to put them on their crops, because it makes economic sense, because then they get more yield. The yield that they get is enough to offset the cost of the chemicals. Or they wouldn't use the chemicals. Now, the economic values often are aligned with the things that we care about that are not economic, like water use, land use, greenhouse gas emissions, energy use that are all encumbered in that volume of crop that we produce. So when you do something that makes that that area, that makes all those inputs that go into making, that, that volume of crop, whether it's a, a bushel, a kilogram, a bale, whatever that volume of crop is, if you do something that makes that more efficient, it has the effect of reducing all those environmental impacts that that are the cost or burden, producing that crop as well.
[02:54] Jenifer
So, you found that not only are farmers then producing more, so they are making more money, they're saving more money and then also saving on water, land, energy use, and then in turn, greenhouse gas emissions.
[03:11] Marty
That is correct. And this is on a per unit of crop produce. We live in a global agricultural economy. food economy. So, the consequence of not having access to these, pest controls would be that it would take more land to produce the same amount of crops or more water to produce the same amount of crops or more. greenhouse gas emissions to produce the same amount of crops and energy to produce the same amount of crops. Some might ask why we would need to produce the same amount of crops, because they're 8.1 billion of us on the planet, soon to be 10 billion. We got 2 billion more people coming to dinner. We need more food. to feed them. We're going to have to make sure we have enough. we can produce enough with the land we have. Otherwise, we will expand agriculture. Which is to say, we will, convert forest lands, natural prairies, arable land that are not in agriculture into agriculture in order to feed ourselves. and that will result in an enhanced biodiversity loss across the planet. So, by freezing the footprint of agriculture, this is the World Wildlife Fund, Jason Clay of the World Wildlife Fund’s concept that by intensifying agriculture, where we produce now and increasing yields where we produce now, we save land for other life. By saving land for other life, we enhance biodiversity, and we at least stop the decline of biodiversity. In that sense, there are multiple facets by which crop management tools enhance sustainability.
[04:49] Jenifer
And for this study, specifically, you looked at corn, cotton and soybeans, correct. Those three crops.
[04:55] Marty
These three crops. Yes. Because these three agronomic crops represent, oh, goodness, about 70% of agricultural lands in the United States. And so, they're the most significant from a land area perspective. And they have significant economic impact as well. We all understood that there was the framework for the use makes sense. But we didn't have the numbers. We just didn't we had not conducted the lifecycle assessment to quantify how much impact and how much improvement we saw. And I will tell you, we were surprised.
[05:26] Jenifer
You mentioned the life cycle, the life cycle assessment. Can you give us some background on how this research was done? Explain the life cycle assessment. and then maybe a little bit more into the categories that you looked at, the energy use, water use and greenhouse gas emissions and land use. How did you get there?
[05:44] Marty
Certainly. Life cycle assessment is not complicated. It's just very tedious. Think of it as trying to understand all the all the inputs that go into making a product like, let's say a bale of cotton or a bushel corn or a bushel of soybeans. Everything there takes from extracting the iron ore to make the tractors, extracting the crude oil to make the, the diesel fuel, and the petroleum products that make the then the chemicals that make the pesticides and herbicides, all those things that go into to all consider all those little Lego blocks. so those little Lego blocks all stack up into a process flow. Those are called unit processes, and those are the process flows that result in that that final, bushel of corn, everything upstream. Now we can take that bushel of corn all the way downstream to grave. So, what I just described as cradle to the bushel of corn, which we call farm gate. So, cradle to farm gate is the boundary we analyzed. Now we can also analyze cradle to grave, which is where like you see a lot of lifecycle assessments doing which is looking at the whole impact of any product or process. We were interested at farm gate because that's where the farmers make decisions. Beyond that, the farmers don't make decisions. So, we wanted to give information to the farmer. So, cradle everything that takes, all the way to that bushel of corn at the proper moisture in the in the grains, drying bins at the farm before it goes to the silos and be sold. So, that that's what life cycle is. Now, every one of those little unit processes, every one of those Lego blocks has with it the amount of energy, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, land use required to produce that volume that went into making that bushel of corn. And so those are called encumbered loads in the unit processes. And those are all aggregated up to that. And then, analyzed from that for that bushel of corn. So that's what a life cycle assessment is. It's a very tedious accounting method. it's not complicated, but boy, does it require a lot of data, because how much land does it take to produce, a liter or a gallon of diesel fuel? That's a good question. And that's. We have to answer that question before we can then figure out how many gallons of diesel fuel does it take to produce a bushel of corn? And then that land load goes into that corn, as well as the amount of area it takes to produce that bushel corn. So, you see how it all adds up?
[08:22] Jenifer
About how long did it take you to complete this research?
[08:27] Marty
Three years. This the longest, most difficult part of any life cycle assessment is that data collection part. We call it life cycle inventory. Finding all the information. And the reason is because you're never really done. You think you've got all the information, you run the analysis, and you find out the stuff that you really need. You don't have, until you have to go back and look further and look harder, or the things that you think you know, you really don't know that well. And you have to get more information. Simple questions like how much nitrogen does a farmer put on the soil to produce a crop? We know what the agronomic demands are, but we don't really know what the farmers are putting on. We have sort of county level averages we’re able to use. So, getting to that farm level data was important, too, rather than just simply, analyzing a farm, we recognize that in the United States and around the world, agriculture is place based. the impacts of location determine what you have to do to successfully produce a crop.
And so, we looked at, basically we created Archetype Farms, which are example farms, in the top ten, top producing state for each of our three crops. And soybeans, we use 12 or 13, I think 13 total because we needed because soybeans were so broadly produced. Michigan, for example, produces a lot of soybeans, not so much corn, Kentucky soybeans, not so much corn. So we had to expand out our, our, soybean production models we used for top producing counties. And each in each of those ten top producing states, giving us 40 representative farms for every crop. And then you can't just analyze for one year, we had to simulate the production in order to get all the background information for water take to produce the crop, we had to use a crop production model, Apex, built by USDA Black Land Research Center down in temple, Texas. That's a well-respected, crop modeling system that's been in use for 50 years. So, we use that model, and then we across all 40 representative farms for six years of production.
So, we got the highs and lows over those six years of rainfall and heat and, and, you know, and drought and all the conditions that occur over what we would call anomaly, normal six years. Farmers know there's no such thing as a normal year. But we wanted we didn't want to have, for example, 2011, 2012 representing our cropping year because that was a 50-year drought. So we wanted to avoid that. So, you see how complicated this gets real quick. And just trying to answer a question, what is representative of corn, cotton or soybeans in the United States? There's a lot of corn farmers, over 350,000 corn farmers out there at any given time, and more than that 400,000 plus soybean farmers at any given times. And they're making decisions every day based upon where they are, what's needed to produce that crop, and, frankly, the price of the crop that they anticipate, the price of the crops going to be so they can manage yield. They're not maximizing yield. They're maximizing profits. And so that's where these chemicals come into play. Sometimes it's okay to lose a little bit of your crop to, pests as long as your profits are protected. but it's not okay to lose your profits to a pest if you can afford to. If it's more profitable to manage the pests.
[11:57] Jenifer
Would you say that finding that representation and making sure you were representing farmers well across the country was the biggest challenge in this study? Or did you find any other challenges?
[12:11] Marty
No. Representation of the farmers practices and decisions was the hardest part. There are a number of reasons. One. farmers don't just tell the world what they do every day. They don't have to, they’re a business. They're operating within a legal framework and a regulatory framework and a cultural framework. they do report to the USDA on their ag census, national annual ag census survey. That ag survey then aggregates to county level. That's why we use county level archetypes, because we know what a generally what a Washington County, Wisconsin farm looks like. If it grows corn and soybeans in rotation. We generally know what it on average that that kind of farm in that location looks like. But one of the challenges we had, though is that nitrogen application, for example, for corn, one of the most, most expensive and probably among the most critical inputs for the corn, for determining yield. It's highly variable based upon previous years conditions, based upon, because if you grew soybeans the previous year and many of them did, and then there's nitrogen carryover from the soybeans to the, to the, corn the next year, the amount of nitrogen applied is less. Or if corn prices are down or nitrogen prices are up, farmers are going to accept less yield in order to, to make more profit. So, trying to capture that level of variability was key because remember, the primary impact of not using these pest control chemicals is decrease yield. The primary impact of using is increase yield or protection of yield. So, if you protect the yield but it doesn't make you more money, it doesn't make good business sense. So that's where we're trying. We had to define that sort of balance that the farmers producers have to make every season. We did the best we could. It's not perfect. It's a model. George Box, the famous statistician from the University of Wisconsin, said all models are wrong. Some models are useful. We wanted this model to be useful. Of course it's a wrong. It's a model, but it's useful.
[14:18] Jenifer
Very good. So it's useful for farmers, useful for scientists. And it shows some of the benefits of pesticide use. Now, when we say pesticides or when we say chemicals for the consumer, that might sound like something scary. Are there any drawbacks to pesticide use or what should on the consumer side, people know about pesticide use
[14:44] Marty
Certainly. I mean, we use chemicals every day. We brush our teeth. This morning, I hope, with chemicals. And we shampooed our hair with chemicals. We cooked our breakfast, and we ate our breakfast with chemicals. Chemicals are just simply the compounds that make up the things we… that make up us. What makes pesticide scary to the public is that pesticides are designed to kill things, right? They kill insects. That's called an insecticide. They kill weeds. That's called an herbicide. They kill fungi. That's called a fungicide. So, disease control, weed control, insect control. The thing is, they're incredibly heavily regulated in the United States. Not all and everywhere around the world, but in the United States. And the regulations are incredibly robust. So, pesticides that are applied, on the crops on the land are tested before they're certified. And we had nothing to do with that part of the study. There is a cost, a risk associated with the use of pesticides. And there's a cost, a risk associated with not using the pesticides. And what we were showing is that not using the pesticides. Our part of the study was asking, all right, wknow that those risks occur. What happens if we just take them out. And that's really bad. What we showed is that's really bad. That will lead to really bad impacts. Increased greenhouse gas emissions, increased water use for the food we eat, increased land use demands for the food we wat, increased energy use for the food we eat
[16:09] Jenifer
So, in conclusion, some key, the key findings. And you mentioned this to some of the benefits, that you found in your research. This is a very broad summary. Increasing crop yields and decreasing consumption of natural resources.
[16:22] Marty
That's correct. And decreasing emissions per unit of crop yield
[16:26] Jenifer
Why was this research needed and why now? How did it come about?
[16:31] Marty
Certainly. we're working. The research itself was funded by CropLife America. CropLife America is a is a business organization, supporting policy and programs for agricultural chemicals. They have a vested interest in in advocating for the use of chemicals. We do not. They came to us because we're independent, scientists. And they ask us, can you answer this question? Is it bad to take these things from a sustainability perspective to take pesticides out of these three crops? Why are they interested in that? With current discussions about sustainability and now the discussion about regenerative agriculture, especially our European cousins are looking at regulatory frameworks that demand the reduction or or elimination of exogenous chemicals, that is, chemicals from outside production in crops and it means no fertilizers other than manures, which are chemicals and have chemicals in them. and no, pesticides or herbicides.
And again, those are well-intended concepts, but they're ill-informed because they don't understand what happens if you do that, which is that you will have a collapse of the agricultural production system. It won't be profitable, for farmers. And if it's not profitable, who's going to grow? Because the fact is, farming is a business. And so that's why they were interested in we're interested because it's a reasonable scientific question to ask. And we answered it. And we have guardrails if we ever do advocacy science, we lose our jobs. We can't get published. We lose our jobs. All of our work goes to external peer review, anonymous peer review. So, we don't even know who's looking at the work to say if it's worthy of publication or not. this works as a distance. We'll go through two peer review processes. public peer review process for the life cycle assessment, which we've completed. Our life cycle assessment work is getting conforms with ISO standards, the International Standards Organization standards for LCA. So, it's ISO conforming. We have that verification. Now we're moving to peer review publication. We'll be submitting the work for publication in journals.
[18:40] Jenifer
Very good. Is there anything about the research the benefits that you found in your results that I didn't ask that you would like to mention
[18:50] Marty
I was surprised by how impactful nematodes still are in agronomic production. Nematodes are still one of the major yield impactors unmanaged on the land. this is a big challenge. And the problem is that the biggest control we have for nematodes is called soil. cold soil reduces their density. freezes them. Well, our soil is not getting that cold anymore for as long because of climate change. And so that's just one example of how climate change is going to have so many impacts on our farmers ability to actually profitably and sustainably produce the food we need.
[19:35] Jenifer
What do you hope to see in the future? You mentioned that you want this to be useful to the right people. Where do you envision it going? Where would you like to see as a scientist, as someone who worked on this research and you got those results? where would you like to see it in the future? How would you like it to be used? Where do we go from here with the results you found?
[19:57] Marty
I think the most important sort of big general, contribution this research makes is it shows that we can measure the big, so what consequences of our decision making. We don't have to just guess. We can measure them. And so, this illustrates how in one way and a very effective way, we can measure, consequences of a collective decision.
[20:22] Jenifer
Who are your collaborators on this research?
[20:25] Marty
this research was sponsored by CropLife America. Our collaborators were Greg Thoma at Colorado State University and Kyle Lawrence, a master's student at the University of Arkansas
[20:35] Jenifer
Marty, thanks for joining us.
[20:37] Marty
I'm glad you're doing this. I think podcasts are critically undervalued as a communication tool by the university.
[20:46] Jenifer
That was Doctor Marty Matlock, who is a professor in the biological and agricultural engineering department. Thanks for listening. I'm Jenifer Fouch. Don't forget to subscribe.
[20:56] Intro/Outro
The Arkansas Food, Farms and Forests podcast is produced by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, the research arm of the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture. Visit aaes.uada.edu for more information.